The Indian/Chinese IQ puzzle

关于中国人、印度人智商长达10年的争论
Posted by jonjayray

国外网友评论 0人跟帖    48002人参与

East Asian
on Thu, 28 Feb 2008 06:11 | 21

To the Stupid Poster Irwin,Moscow who said East Asians have never won a Nobel Prize,Actually there are HEAPS of East Asians that have won a Nobel Prize before.
There have been 7 ‘Chinese Nobel Prize Winners’,they are Steven Chu (physics), Samuel C. C. Ting (physics), Chen Ning Yang (physics), Tsung-Dao Lee (physics), Yuan T. Lee (chemistry), Daniel C. Tsui(physics), Gao Xingjian(literature), Fields Medal (Maths Equivalent of Nobel Prize) recipients Terence Tao and Shing-Tung Yau, and Turing Award (Computer Science Equivalent of Nobel Prize) recipient Andrew Yao. Other significant Chinese scientists who never won a Nobel Prize include Tsien Hsue-shen whom was a prominent scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, while Chien-Shiung Wu contributed to the Manhattan Project. Others include Charles K. Kao, a pioneer in fiber optics technology, and Doctor David Ho, one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. Dr. Ho was named TIME magazine’s 1996 Man of the Year.

There are also heaps of Japanese Nobel Prize Winners, they include:
Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002
Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry, 2002
Ryoji Noyori, Chemistry, 2001
Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry, 2000
Kenzaburo Oe, Literature, 1994
Susumu Tonegawa*, Physiology or Medicine, 1987
Kenichi Fukui, Chemistry, 1981
Eisaku Sato, Peace, 1974
Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973
Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968
Shinichirou Tomonaga, Physics, 1965
Hideki Yukawa, Physics, 1949

There are many other great Japanese scientists who never won Nobel Prize but made medical breakthroughs.For example,DNA Replication ‘Okazaki Fragments’ was discovered by Japanese medical scientists Reiji Okazaki, Tsuneko Okazaki.
Others include Noguchi Hideyo,a Japanese Bacteriologist who discovered the agent that caused Syphilus.Other medical breakthroughs like Bleomycin (anti-cancer drug) were also made by Japanese.

Koreans have also won a Nobel Prize before.Kim Dae Jung won a Nobel Prize for Korea in 2000.

The ancient Chinese were the greatest inventors ‘the four great inventions of ancient China’-Gunpowder,Paper,Printing and Compass were all invented by Chinese.This is all written in history books and was even on the ‘DISCOVERY CHANNEL’.Other ‘ancient Chinese’ inventions include:seismological detectors, matches, paper, cannon, flare, continuous flame throwers, fire arrow, paper-printed money, chain drive, escapement, pendulum, silk, multistage rocket, landmine, quilling-wheel, odometer, sluice gate, the canal lock, flash lock, rudder, pontoon bridge, water-tight compartment, blast furnace, porcelain, belt drive, dry docks, sliding calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, metal stirrups, civil service examination system, paddle wheels, the iron plow, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, rotary winnowing fan, collapsible umbrella, toothbrush, trip hammer, trebuchet, kites, Su Song water-driven astronomical clock tower, grand canal, horse collar, chain pump, pound lock, the suspension bridge, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the propeller, innoculation, the crossbow etc.

So please don’t make stupid statements about East Asians inventing nothing or winning no Nobel Prizes without doing your research first,and read some history please.

[ 1 ] [ 0 ]
charles lee
on Sat, 01 Mar 2008 20:58 | 22

1.  Nobel prizes.  All east asians of chinese descent have won their Nobel Prizes while working in USA-based universities.

True.  they did win their Nobel prize, but not working in china.

2. The barbaric Imperial exams stunted science for hundreds. Rote-memorization of confucius stunted all creativity. 

Confucius made china-chinese into mindless-zombie idiots. goole confucius, imperial exams. 

Imperial government was abolished in 1911.

1911-2011, 100 years without a backward, primative government.

3.  china has Hanzi- primative, barbarcic writing system invented by the devil himself.    3000-4000 characters just to read the newsapapers.  what about an alphabet. 

abcdefghijklmnipqrstuvwxyz.  goole alphabet

The whole earth is now using a alphabet-based system.

or numbers 0123456789

4.  Now in the age of science-tech, google, yahoo, 21st. century flat-world, digital-world. we all know the truth.

5.  Before 1945, world war II, japanese and germans can send army to invade another. Nations. Japan bombed pearl harbor.  usa dropped two atomic bombs on japan. 

Hiroshima obsoleted invasion by large armies.  There will be economic competition, tech, cultural competition among nations, among companies, among individuals, but there will be invasions by the japanese or germans.

6. Once china terminates, kills confucius, Hanzi, crap-zi, boy-emperor, foot-binding, religion, all of the ugly, primative, feudal past.  and ccp (kommunist party), china will be a great nation again.

[ 1 ] [ 0 ]
Berthold Friedmann
on Sun, 02 Mar 2008 00:16 | 23

nicknguyen, do you believe it is right to despise an entire group of people because they were born in India?  No on chooses what they are, and yet you call them “filthy” because of something they cannot control?  And you believe this is right?  You are part of the lowest rung of humankind, and you still succumb to your primitive instincts of xenophobia.

[ 1 ] [ 1 ]
Him
on Sat, 08 Mar 2008 09:29 | 24

Nguyen is a vietnamese name, they are the dirtiest shithole on earth, they smell of shit and seafood, they represents the poorest people in the western world. I have not seen them using any toilet paper either, becuse they eat shit. They eat raw seafood and crawling reptiles still very primitive. Chinese, vietnamese, malaysians, koreans, all come from third world countries, their claim to higher intelligence is hallucinatory and come out of inferiority complex, they are more closely related to Orungutans a primate just like Africans are closely related to chimpanzees and gorillas.
Nguyen should have to see and Orangutan to see the reflection of his face, he would never resent looking to the mirror instead. Also these east Asians are characterised by smallest of penis on the planet, all Chinese girls run towards westerners, Middle eastern and Indians to get sexual satisfaction, leaving there male Orangutans.


By the way there are Four Billionare Indians in the top 10 Billionaires in the world and not a single orangutan (east Asian) so you can see yourself who has the higher IQ!!

[ 1 ] [ 0 ]
Guessedworker
on Sat, 08 Mar 2008 14:20 | 25

So you are an Indian.  Do you think that kind of language reflects well on your personal and national character?  Do you think readers will sympathise with your point of view, or consider you self-evidently aloof from the “shit-eating orangutang” that you draw for us? 

Frankly, I am amazed that anyone so bereft of normal sensibility considers himself competent to offer an opinion on anyone or anything.  Have you never heard the famous bon mot about discretion and valour?  Aware of your profound limitations you should be choosing discretion, believe me.

No go, and do not besmirch our proceedings again.  I shall not object too strongly if you take Mr Nguyen with you.

[ 1 ] [ 0 ]
Raja
on Sun, 09 Mar 2008 00:28 | 26

India is the world’s largest, oldest, continuous civilization.
India never invaded any country in her last 10000 years of history.
India is the world’s largest democracy.
Varanasi, also known as Benares, was called “the ancient city” when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C.E, and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today.
India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.
The World’s first university was established in Takshashila in 700BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages. Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software - a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987.
Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful place in our civilization.
Although modern images of India often show poverty and lack of development, India was the richest country on earth until the time of British invasion in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by India’s wealth.
The art of Navigation was bornin the river Sindhu 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit ‘Nou’.
Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days.
The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century long before the European mathematicians.
Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10**53(10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 BCE during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera 10**12(10 to the power of 12).
IEEE has proved what has been a century old suspicion in the world scientific community that the pioneer of wireless communication was Prof. Jagdish Bose and not Marconi.
The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra.
According to Saka King Rudradaman I of 150 CE a beautiful lake called Sudarshana was constructed on the hills of Raivataka during Chandragupta Maurya’s time.
Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India.
Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. Over 125 surgical equipment were used. Deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts.
When many cultures (Anglo Saxons, Germans, French) were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization).
The four religions born in India, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world’s population.
The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.
India is one of the few countries in the World, which gained independence without violence.
India has the second largest pool of Scientists and Engineers in the World.
India is the largest English speaking nation in the world.
India is the only country other than US and Japan, to have built a super computer indigenously.
In 2008 India currently has 4 dollar Billionaires in the top ten super rich Forbes billionaire list more than United States or any other country in the world.

The IQ scores are not the benchmark in the determining the national IQ, the result can be manipulated and altered to give certain countries a significant advantage over others, especially in the western world which suffers from skin colour bias. These IQ scores can be used to reject people with dark skin in preference to light skin by assuming that they are of lower IQ. Chinese are light skin and are more acceptable to white men especially the chinese girls which are softer target for western males because of their stronger tilt towards multiple sexual partners. These IQ scores are nothing but a form of scientific racism, a old wine in a new bottle, to practice racism with a reason and even get a legal recognition for their evil deeds. You go and check the IQ score of a rural poor who are illiterate and malnourished and brand whole country as of lower IQ is nothing but a consiparacy by the racist west. The literacy rates in rural India are much lower than literacy rates in rural China, that can possibly explain the low IQ scores. The IQ scores are more relevant in the countries where there is less social divide between the socio-economic condition of the urban middle class and rural populace.

[ 1 ] [ 0 ]
Lurker
on Sun, 09 Mar 2008 04:59 | 27

A very large number of sources seem to believe that the words navy & navigation are derived from the Greek word ‘navis’. (How silly of them to think that when Greece is only part of Europe and we all know how those inventive Indian mariners circumnavigated the globe and discovered Europe.)

If you want to drop an e-mail to the (thousands) of websites propagating this myth I’ll be more than happy to post a list.

I note that almost all the (hundreds) of sites that forward the sanskrit origin of navigation use exactly the same wording as you:

“The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH.” Though to be fair some of them drop the word ‘very’, so I contend that in this case you are merely parroting Indian propaganda.

Regarding Bose and Marconi - and not to downplay Bose in other respects - to demonstrate Bose’s pre-eminence as a pioneer you need to prove that he not only did things first but that Marcon’is work derived from his.

[ 1 ] [ 0 ]
To 'Him'
on Sat, 22 Mar 2008 03:42 | 28

Him,

East Asians never said they were the most intelligent race and the most highly evolved race in the world.It was Western European Anthropologists and Scientists who said that,so please complain to these western european scientists instead of yelling insults atEast Asians for something they never wrote.

Books that claim east asian intelligence and evolutionary superiority were all written by Europeans:

“IQ and the Wealth of Nations 2002” is written Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.

“IQ and Global Inequality” 2006 was written by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.

“Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective (3rd Edition)”
by J. Philippe Rushton.

You are extremely ignorant to state that ‘Chinese and Koreans’ live in ‘Third World’ Countries.It only shows your lack of intelligence.Perhaps you should read a book or even wikipedia,before making such outrageous claims.

‘Chinese’ countries like Taiwan(Republic of China),Singapore and Hong Kong are ‘First World Nations’ ‘Industrialised Developed Country’.
South Korea is also a first-world Nation, ‘Industrialised Advanced Economy’.

The ‘Four Asian Tigers’ (the only developed countries in Asian Continent outside Japan) are all East Asian countries- South Korea,Singapore,Taiwan and Hong Kong.Perhaps you should read up on the ‘Four Asian Tigers’.

Vietnamese are not East Asians,they are South East Asians.Do you even know the difference? East Asians are Han Chinese,Japanese and Korean only.

And no,East Asians do not run to White,Middle Eastern or Indian men for ‘so-called’ satisfaction.As an East Woman myself,I can honestly say 95% of East Asian woman strictly go for East Asian Men.The East Asian woman who date non-East Asian men are either (1)Not desirable among East Asian men hence are forced to look elsewhere for a partner, or (2)Grew up in a Western country and a have a Western mindset (3) Hookers

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Chinese
on Tue, 25 Mar 2008 18:37 | 29

They say that East Asians have larger brains.

If you say that Chinese have poor scores here in US, you are lying. Most of our children here are excellent academically. If you look into the student bodies at University of California campuses or most of very good pre-college schools in California, you should know that. I would imagine that the situation in Texas is the same for Texas’ Chinese populations (for they are almost all from more recent immigrants unlike California).

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Chinese
on Tue, 25 Mar 2008 19:12 | 30

IQ test (like any other test) results have a lot to do with how the tested subject is programmed academically and culturally. A more educated person should have a better result.

They should do some research on separated twins at very young ages.

For curiosity, I had rushed through an IQ test before. I got 135. On a different day and a different test, I could get a much better or worse score. Intelligence is very hard to measure. Any measurement has limitations.

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Chinese
on Tue, 25 Mar 2008 22:57 | 31

I just read this:

http://www.news-medical.net/?id=9530

I would have to take a deeper look at it.

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
onlooker
on Tue, 25 Mar 2008 23:36 | 32

For curiosity, I had rushed through an IQ test before. I got 135.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04QoA44c23A

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Him
on Mon, 31 Mar 2008 12:11 | 33

Indo-Aryans are the most spiritually evolved race in the world, the Rig veda, Puranas and the Geeta the ancient Indian texts which has shunned material existence of human kind in preference to the purification of soul and good Karma can’t be wrong. The low life western scum only lay emphasis on material wealth and waste their lives in over indulgence in SEX, DRUGS, AlCOHOL and Worldly Pleasures suffer from plethora of social problems, thats why they are mimicking animals. The most Obese and mentally ill nations in the world are in the west viz US, UK, Australia, still trying to generalise that other races stinks!!.

Today’s world is suffering from various challenges which is casting a doubt on the long term viability of life on the planet Earth are created by western low life capitalist and scum bags who call themselves superior and of Higher IQ. The food and grain shortages, melting of glaciers, climate change, green house effect, extiction of wild life and faunal species, deforestation, population explosion, pollution of air and groundwater, dieing oceans and river systems, tonnes of waste generation,  are the result of western greed for more wealth and it appears they have infected the whole world with this infectious disease of lust for pleasure and wealth- we are aproaching doomsday due to duffer and racists like Dr. Richard Lynn and Dr Vanhanen who are tryinng to make their living on absurd theories which has no substance. I bet these racist bastards have IQ lower than a Pig.

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
reality bites
on Sat, 05 Apr 2008 08:50 | 34

If you had been to India, had lived among Indians, and witnessed masses of the physically weak, mentally slow and disease ridden Indians in Slumbai, Bangalore, Madras, and Calcutta, you would have known that India will be the biggest liability of the earth. India has largest number of Aids infected, an ever increasing population, badly polluted environment, and depleted resources. With her government too incompetent to reverse these adversaries, India is a disaster in the making. It is NOT the low IQ that will doom India stupid! It is the Indian explosive breed like rabbit. If you were an Indian patriot, you should stop all these delusional ego-kissing hype and go back to the basics of growth control of India population!

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Him
on Mon, 07 Apr 2008 10:38 | 35

No amount of racism and negative popoganda can stop Indians to accomplish what they want already they are the most successful ethinc group in the west. The richest man in European Union is LN Mittal worth USD 45 Billion, CEO of Arcelor Mittal the largest steel company in the world. Indian Americans are one of the most successful ethnic group in the US with average household income worth USD 60,000, over 2 million of them are more successful on an average than whites, it is not by accident but due to strong influence of vedic culture and higher level of intelligence. Indians are as successful as East Asians or Jews in the US and UK this proves that Indians enjoy higher level of intelligence contrary to what some racist says. I can also say that Americans are the dumbest people on earth who spent 3 trillion dollars on fighting an imaginary enemy in Iraq and Afghanistan and now they are facing economic recession and poverty with million of jobs axed and 36 million on food assistance due to poverty. And that is some what true after all which country on earth will let their people starve to search for WMD which doesn’t exist.

India will be a superpower in 20 years’
17 Jan 2004, 0209 hrs IST, D Chaware,TNN
 
When Jeffrey Armstrong predicted over 20 years ago that Silicon Valley would be overrun by Indian innovators and engineers, no one believed him. Today, his prophecy has come true manifold.  I based my forecast on the fact that Indians have a very strong Sanskrit background, he says. Sanskrit being the perfect language for computer programming, I was confident even then that Indians would outshine others in computer innovations.

His next prediction is equally interesting: India will become a superpower in another 20 years, even earlier if Indians propagate their culture and legacy effectively in the West. The motivational speaker, who left his corporate job seven years ago to foster the spread of Hindu and Vedic culture in the West, looks like a typical American till he opens his mouth. The barrage of Sanskrit shlokas, names of ancient rishis and quotes from Indian philosophers that emerges thereafter, however, could give any desi a complex. Lauding Indian contributions to the world of science and the arts, the incorrigible Indophile rues the fact that Indians abroad are not networked. It’s also unfortunate that there is no systematic plan to reach out to the millions of non-Indian people in the West who love, respect and follow Indian traditions like yoga and vegetarianism in their daily life, he says. Currently on a tour of India, the Armstrongs are now settled in Canada.

Maintaining that India is already becoming an intellectual leader of the world, Mr Armstrong says that even ayurveda is fast picking up in the West. “In the US alone, over half a dozen universities have been approached to recognise ayurveda as a complimentary therapy and I am hopeful that within a couple of years, this branch of medicine will be as popular as other Indian therapies like yoga and transcendental meditation,’’ he says, adding that the National Ayurvedic Medicine Association (NAMA) has already been set up in Canada and the US to promote the cause. To bolster his prediction about Indians becoming leaders of the world in the near future, Mr Armstrong declares that the maximum outsourcing for the West is now from India. In almost every sphere of activity, Indians are the frontrunners,’’ he says. “Most of the prominent scientists, doctors, technocrats and innovators are Indians.’’ The couple, which has founded an educational institute called the Vedic Academy of Science and Arts (VASA), is now working on creating a permanent library of Hindu and Vedic culture in Vancouver. Their clients include successful businessmen, lawyers, corporate executives and leaders of society. “Bring as much knowledge from India as you can,’’ concludes Mr Armstrong. “People in north America are eager for it.’’

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
VM
on Thu, 10 Apr 2008 17:46 | 36

Although some of the data is a little old, this link shows rankings in several categories by ethnicity (complied by Arthur Hu).

http://www.arthurhu.com/INDEX/overrep.htm

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
asdfasdfasdf
on Wed, 23 Apr 2008 02:45 | 37

so you can see yourself who has the higher IQ!!

Yes, you have robber barons living in the UK while millions of Indians starve.

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
RJ
on Thu, 01 May 2008 17:01 | 38

When u discuss India, it is unfair to lump extremely diversified Indians as a single race especially when u cover the topic of average IQ. In addition, India is governed by hundreds of thousands of castes and sub-cultures. We have some very intelligent castes in the North and also have some low IQ castes in the South. Indians comprise of many different racial and genetic traits because of her histories. India was once conquered by Arabian. The Arabians mixed with local women and left behind the religion and genie pool. Turkey also conquered India and forced with locals and again left its genetic trails. Persians also invaded India and mixed with local women and had their decedents in India. So did Afghanistan. Even Mongols conquered India and mixed with local women. Now, India has oriental looking Indians. Only Aryans invading did not force issues with local women and maintained the different genetic traits.

In short, u have to differentiate highly intelligent high caste Northern like Northern Brahmins from low IQ southern low caste Dravidians. However, I do worry that lowly southern Dravidians outbreed Northern high castes and will further bring down India average IQ.

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
rec1man
on Thu, 15 May 2008 02:19 | 39

India consists of the following disparate and genetically separate populations

Brahmins , 5%, 125 IQ
Other Upper Castes, 15%, 110 IQ
Other Backward Castes, 40%, 95 IQ
Muslims, 15%, 85 IQ
SC/ST, 25%, 80 IQ

Averaging this will give a composite IQ of 93

The above is for the section of population that is well fed
and well schooled

In India, Malnutrition is 55% as against 10% in china
and Womens illiteracy is 50% as against 10% in china

and this would drop IQ about 10 points from what it will eventually be

In addition, the chinese IQ tests were done in Beijing and Shanghai
The Indian IQ tests were done not in Delhi and Bangalore, but in
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Orissa, which are the poorest,
most illiterate and malnourished and backward places
The caste composition of the Indian testees is not known
For example Orissa consists of 50% SC/ST

I shall test my hypothesis

Indians in Fiji were recruited as contract laborers and the british wanted a docile and illiterate
population that could be exploited
The Indians in Fiji are 50% Backward Caste , 95 IQ and 50% SC/ST with 80 iQ
An average gives an Average Fiji IQ of 87,  The test scores is 84 IQ
If this group had a western society they would score 87
In Fiji, the native Fijians have 84 IQ
95% of Fiji professionals are Indians ,  I would expect that these are
from the backward castes, 95 IQ

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]
rec1man
on Thu, 15 May 2008 02:23 | 40

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics

Fields of Indian mathematics
Some of the areas of mathematics studied in ancient and medieval India include the following:

Arithmetic: Decimal system, Negative numbers (see Brahmagupta), Zero (see Hindu-Arabic numeral system), the modern positional notation numeral system, Floating point numbers (see Kerala School), Number theory, Infinity (see Yajur Veda), Transfinite numbers, Irrational numbers (see Sulba Sutras)
Geometry: Square roots (see Bakhshali approximation), Cube roots (see Mahavira), Pythagorean triples (see Sulba Sutras; Baudhayana and Apastamba state the Pythagorean theorem without proof), Transformation (see Panini), Pascal’s triangle (see Pingala)
Algebra: Quadratic equations (see Sulba Sutras, Aryabhata, and Brahmagupta), Cubic equations (see Mahavira and Bhaskara), Quartic equations (biquadratic equations; see Mahavira and Bhaskara)
Mathematical logic: Formal grammars, formal language theory, the Panini-Backus form (see Panini), Recursion (see Panini)
General mathematics: Fibonacci numbers (see Pingala), Earliest forms of Morse code (see Pingala), Logarithms, indices (see Jaina mathematics), Algorithms, Algorism (see Aryabhata and Brahmagupta)
Trigonometry: Trigonometric functions (see Surya Siddhanta and Aryabhata), Trigonometric series (see Madhava and Kerala School)

[ 0 ] [ 0 ]

评论

游客 请登录 注册