Old bones cast new light on Goliath's people
With an excavation in southern Israel unearthing a Philistine cemetery for the first time, bones of the biblical giant 's people can finally shed new light on mysteries of their culture.[CN]
首次对以色列南部一腓力斯人墓穴的挖掘收获骨骼化石，让我们对圣经巨人的文化之谜有了进一步的发现。
The cemetery's discovery marks the "crowning achievement" of some three decades of excavations in the area, the expedition's organisers say.[CN]
该墓穴的发现是在此地区进行约三十年考古工作所取得的“最高成就”，考察发起者说道。
Some of the site's finds were going on display Sunday at the Rockefeller Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem.[CN]
部分现场考察成果将于星期天在耶路撒冷的洛克菲勒考古博物馆展出。
US archaeologist and Harvard University professor Lawrence E. Stager sits next to skeletons at the excavation site of the first Philistine cemetery ever found, in southern Israel[CN]
在以色列南部首次发现的腓力斯人墓穴考古工作现场，美国考古学家兼哈佛大学教授Lawrence E. Stager坐在人体骨骼旁边
Almost three millennia since the Philistines were wiped off the face of the earth by Babylonian armies, a US archaeologist was hard at work crouched in one of their funerary chambers at the excavation in the Mediterranean city of Ashkelon.[CN]
腓力斯人被巴比伦军队从地球上清除殆尽约三千年后，在地中海城市阿什克伦，美国一名考古学家蹲在他们的一块埋葬地旁努力开展着考古工作。
Brush in hand he delicately extracted from the sandy soil the complete skeleton of a Philistine buried with a terracotta perfume flask, fused to the skull with the passage of time.[CN]
他手持刷子，仔细地从沙土中淘出一具完整的腓力斯人骨骼，一同出土的还有一个陶制香水细颈瓶，瓶子随着时间的流失与头骨融合在了一起。
"This discovery is a crowning achievement, the opportunity to finally see them face to face," said archaeologist Daniel Master, in charge of the site excavated since 1985 under the Leon Levy Expedition, affiliated with Harvard University's Semitic Museum, among other institutions.[CN]
“这个发现是最高成就，终于有跟他们面对面的机会了”，考古学家Daniel Master说道，他是现场挖掘工作负责人，挖掘工作从1985年开展至今，由哈佛大学闪族博物馆附属机构利昂·利维科考队，协同其他机构进行。
"With these 145 corpses we hope not only to understand their funeral customs, but to collect clues in the bones to understand how they lived, to bring the Philistines to life again," he told AFP.
Bone samples taken from the site are currently undergoing DNA, radiocarbon and other tests to try to shed fresh light on the Philistines’ origin.
The first graves were discovered in Ashkelon in 2013 on the site of its ancient Philistine port city, which had 13,000 inhabitants at its peak.
Today the area lies in a national park popular with Israeli families from modern Ashkelon who come for a stroll along the seaside lawns and paths.
- Sea people? -
Who were the Philistines? The origins of this "sea people" -- a term also used to describe their Phoenician contemporaries -- remain a mystery.
Their red-and-black pottery suggests they may have come from the Mycenaean civilisation of the Aegean.
"What is certain is that they were strangers in the Semitic region," where their presence between 1200 and around 600 BC is evident on a thin coastal strip running from present-day Gaza to Tel Aviv, said Master.
Traders and seafarers, they spoke a language of Indo-European origin, did not practice circumcision and ate pork and dog, as proven by bones and marks found on them in the ruins of the other four Philistine cities: Gaza, Gath, Ashdod and Ekron.
Beyond the previously scanty archaeological record, the Philistines are known mostly from the Old Testament account given by their neighbours and bitter enemies, the ancient Israelites.
The book of Samuel describes the capture by Philistine fighters of the Ark of the Covenant and the duel between their giant warrior Goliath felled by a stone from David's sling.
From these biblical descriptions of savage marauders comes the modern usage of "philistine" to mean a person without culture or manners.
- Hard lives -
A few hundred metres (yards) from the dig, at its outdoor laboratory, anthropologist and pathologist Sherry Fox told the skeletons' story.
"In their teeth, we can see that they did not have an easy life," she said.
"We see these lines that indicate a growth interruption as the teeth are forming. There were problems in childhood with either fever or malnutrition."
"We also see from their bones that they were hard workers, they practised inbreeding and they used their teeth as tools, probably in the weaving industry," she said softly, holding up a skull.
She said they were "normal size" with no evidence of any Goliath-sized giants.
Master said that, despite similar-sounding names, there is no connection between the Philistines and today's Palestinians.
"The words are similar, but not the people," he said.
"We know here in Ashkelon that these Philistines were completely destroyed by (Babylonian king) Nebuchadnezzar in December of 604 BC," he said.
"Everything that came after was very different and a very different group of people."
The 30 years of excavations at the Ashkelon cemetery come to an end this summer, when the dig will be reburied.
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